Bacteriology

Vaccine development is a priority for global health due to the growing multidrug resistance in bacteria. Bacterial vaccines contain killed or attenuated bacteria that activate the immune system. Antibodies are built against the particular bacteria and prevent bacterial infection later. An example of a bacterial vaccine is the Tuberculosis vaccine. Bacterial Vaccines provides information dealing with vaccination of man against bacterial diseases. A saline solution suspension of a strain of attenuated or killed bacteria prepared for injection into a patient to stimulate development of active immunity to that strain and against similar bacteria.

Bacterial infections can cause a variety of conditions. Infections occur as bacteria enter the body or grow on the skin. Treatment for bacterial infection includes taking medication. Common drug classes used to treat bacterial infections are penicillin antibiotics, quinolone antibiotics, macrolide antibiotics, cephalosporin antibiotics, tetracycline antibiotics, lincosamide antibiotics, nitroimidazole antibiotics, sulfa antibiotics, polypeptide antibiotics, oxazolidinone antibiotics, penem antibiotics, glycopeptide antibiotics, and monobactam antibiotics.

Bacterial pathogenesis is the process by which bacteria infect and cause disease in a host. Not all bacteria are pathogens and have the ability for pathogenesis (also known as virulence). Pathogenic bacteria utilise a number of mechanisms to cause disease in human hosts. Bacterial pathogens express a wide range of molecules that bind host cell targets to facilitate a variety of different host responses. In bacterial host mediated pathogenesis, (e.g., tuberculosis), tissue damage results from the toxic mediators released by lymphoid cells rather than from bacterial toxins.

Bacterial vaginosis is an abnormal vaginal condition that is characterized by vaginal discharge and results from an overgrowth of typical bacteria in the vagina. It is not a true bacterial infection but rather an imbalance of the bacteria that are normally present in the vagina. Usually treatment is with an antibiotic, such as clindamycin or metronidazole. BV is the most common vaginal infection in women of reproductive age. In the United States about 30% of women between the ages of 14 and 49 are affected. BV is linked to an imbalance of “good” and “harmful” bacteria that are normally found in a woman’s vagina.

Bacterial pathogens are a major cause of infectious diseases. It is important to be able to identify them in patients in order to provide an effective treatment. The subject explores topics such as identification and quantitative methods, possible automation of the techniques or efficiency of available treatments while providing a clinical knowledge.

The studies covernotably staphylococci, streptococci, corynebacteria, mycobacteria, neisseria, enteric bacteria, pasteurellae, pseudomonads and spirochaetes and their mechanisms of action in the context of the disease they cause.

Bacteria is made up of three domains of life. Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria has nucleoids instead of nuclei. The bacterial cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan. And it is found in tissue of other organisms, soils, or water surfaces. It has specific structural characteristics including a cell envelope, ribosomes, nucleoid, pili, and flagella. It is also used to produce food, such as yoghurt. Bacteria is also used in the fields of biotechnology and gene therapy due to their possession of circular DNA called plasmids, in which it contain the genes that encode antibiotic resistance.

Pathogenic bacteria can causes disease. Although most of the bacteria are harmless or often beneficial, some are pathogenic.  Most common bacterial disease with highest disease burden is tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which kills about 2 million people a year. Pathogenic bacteria causes other diseases, like pneumonia which can be caused by bacteria such as streptococcus and pseudomonas and foodborne illnesses, which can be caused by the bacteria such as shigella, campylobacter and salmonella. It also causes infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, and leprosy.

Bacterial physiology is a scientific discipline that concerns the life-supporting functions and processes of bacteria, which allow bacterial cells to grow and reproduce. Experiments are performed in order to obtain information about physical and chemical factors that affect bacterial cell growth and death, bacterial nutrition, metabolism, replication and other aspects of bacterial physiology. This research provides insight about the treatment of bacterial disease and use of bacteria in biotechnology

Bacterial genomics is a scientific discipline that concerns the genome, encompassing the entire hereditary information of bacteria. Bacterial genomics can, for example, be used to study bacterial evolution or outbreaks of bacterial infections. All living organisms contain DNA. This amazing macromolecule encodes all of the information needed to program the cell's activities including reproduction, metabolism and other specialized functions..

For Bacterial Diagnosis, Identification is the practical application of taxonomic knowledge. The control of microbial nutrition and microbial growth involves microscopy of microbes and sterilization, disinfection, sanitization processes or use of chemical agents and applied bacteriology and Veterinary Clinical Sciences. Pathogenic microorganisms are microbes which are capable of causing disease when enters into the body which can spread through water, air, soil and also through physical contact.

Industrial microbiology or microbial biotechnology is the application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing of materials by microorganism such as bacterial, fungi, algae, protozoa and viruses. Another definition of industrial microbiology is the plant and animal cells to create useful product or processes. Industrial microbiology deals with the discovery of new organisms and pathways such as drugs. It also deals with the products associated with food, dairy, and consumer products industries.

The Environmental science study is the study of how we affect environment and how environment affects us. Environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical, biological and information sciences. Environmental studies incorporates more of the social sciences for understanding human relationships, perceptions and policies towards the environment. Environmental science came alive as a substantive, active field of scientific investigation. Bacteria can act as a great bio-sensor for the environment. Using the advanced bacteria testing methods to study the environmental health of an area or uranium contamination or nitrate pollution in water are included under Applied & Environmental Science and so on.

Medical Bacteriology and Immunology covers all aspects of the interrelationship between bacterial agents and their hosts. Immunology studies the functions, mechanisms and significance of human defence systems in various disease conditions. Very day of our lives, we are exposed to microbes such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The single system in the body that allows life to continue in the face of these assaults is the immune system.

Plant bacteriology involves the scientific study of bacteria identification, disease etiology, disease cycles, economic impact, epidemiology of plant diseases, plant disease resistance, the way in which plant diseases affect humans and animals. Some bacteria cause a small proportion of plant diseases; this does not mean that these diseases are unimportant. Pathogenic tests can be done for the prevention of disease.

The Veterinary bacteriology plays a major role in veterinary medicine, human health, and economics. When coming to the animal health a major group of bacteria are very significant. Among these bacteria some of the bacteria are very pathogenic, cause different kinds and levels of livestock infections, pets and wildlife. In veterinary bacteriology it is most important to identify the nature of the bacteria that causes the infection in animals.

Bacterial ecology is defined as the interaction between bacteria and with their environment. Bacterial ecology is concerned with the interactions between bacteria and their biological and non-biological environments and with the role of bacteria in biogeochemical element cycling. Many fundamental properties of bacteria are consequences of their small size.

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites change over time and no longer respond to medicines making infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness and death.

Virology is the scientific study of viruses submicroscopic, parasitic organisms of genetic material contained in a protein coat and virus-like agents. It focuses on the following aspects of viruses: their structure, classification and evolution, their ways to infect and exploit host cells for reproduction, their interaction with host organism physiology and immunity, the diseases they cause, the techniques to isolate and culture them, and their use in research and therapy. Virology is a subfield of microbiology.